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A half-century of COBOL




May 29, 2009 — 
Fifty years after its initial specifications were laid out, COBOL continues to be the language that would not die. While new COBOL projects are nearly extinct, its resilience as a maintainable, simple, English-based language has kept COBOL programs going strong, long after their initial development has finished.

For as long as there has been COBOL, there have been people saying that it was doomed. When Jan Stuart first learned the language in 1978, she was told, even then, that it was a dead language. Now retired in the UK, Stuart found herself working with the language right up until her retirement a few years ago.

“The COBOL programs are the ones that process large amounts of transactions, typically the overnight batch,” said Stuart, who wrote COBOL at a number of financial institutions. “And its usefulness is that it can process large numbers of transactions quickly in a way a lot of new languages struggle with. I think that's why a lot of financial organizations keep their old COBOL programs.”

Stuart said that one of the biggest benefits of using COBOL is its flexibility, which comes from its simplicity. “In COBOL, you can very easily map different data items in different formats. That's very useful. In the early part of the program, where you specify your variables, you can have overlapping formats so you can easily convert alpha to numeric without having to do any moves.”

She enjoyed working with COBOL for 31 years, because “it's very easy to learn," she said. "I suppose the clever part of it is the way COBOL compiles into assembler code. Some people might find that quite difficult. But it breaks right down into machine code."

Premature burial
Indeed, even before COBOL was complete, some were calling it a dead language, so much so that in the early 1960s, one angry developer bought the language a tombstone.

Howard Bromberg worked with Hopper in the early days of the language. When he began working at RCA on the implementation of COBOL, he found that the work was wildly difficult to coordinate with the central COBOL specification committee. As RCA's representative on that committee, Bromberg found himself and his team rushing to create a commercialized version of the language, often skipping ahead of the specification committee. He felt that this was an untenable position, compounded by RCA's business desires and the COBOL committee's lack of speed.

So one day, while driving home, Bromberg found himself passing a monument company by the freeway. He went in and commissioned a tombstone for COBOL. After a few weeks of harassment from his neighbors, he crated the tombstone up and mailed it to Charlie Phillips, one of the original architects of COBOL, who was then working at the Pentagon.

Phillips later asked why Bromberg had done this. Bromberg never admitted his motivations and, indeed, never publicly admitted his involvement with the affair until the 25th anniversary event.

More recently, in 2008, the state of California went through a rather rigorous round of layoffs to save money. This included the forced retirement and laying-off of all government-employed COBOL programmers. Unfortunately, when a later decision was made to cut state employee pay across the board, the state found that it would have to modify its check payment applications. Naturally, those applications were all written in COBOL.

Youth served by COBOL
Reports of the death of COBOL have been greatly exaggerated. Even today, companies like Fujitsu and Micro Focus offer IDEs for writing COBOL code. Fujitsu has actually done a great deal of work with COBOL, and it has brought it into both Eclipse and Visual Studio. It also has ported the language into HP/UX, Linux, Solaris and Windows.

Mickey Rosen, a sales representative with legacy modernization company Alchemy Solutions, has been writing COBOL since 1968. He said that the real reason for the language's longevity is its readability.

“I used to manage COBOL development for a number of companies," Rosen said. "I always found the most expensive thing was not creating and getting it running, it was the ongoing maintenance and support of those applications. When you compare the ease of maintenance and understandability to other languages, that was a big selling point for COBOL."

Stuart wound up being quite useful to the companies she worked for because she was often one of only two or three developers in those organizations that could comprehend the legacy COBOL code they were tasked with bringing into a new language. But she predicts that, despite her retirement, COBOL will still have a long life ahead of it.

“I'm in my sixties now. My generation grew up with COBOL," she said. "Then along came another generation of programmers who did stuff in Visual Basic and C and C++, and that generation thought of the mainframe and COBOL as old-fashioned. I've got colleagues in that age bracket who almost shake when you say you want to log into the mainframe.

"I have colleagues in their twenties, the generation that's grown up with laptops had a PC in their bedroom. Nothing holds fear for them. They want to learn COBOL. They recognize it as a useful language. They recognize it as the language that runs the engines of many businesses. It's frustrating because there are fewer and fewer experts who can teach them. What I have seen is the young ones coming up want to learn it."

The COBOL's English
In 1959, legendary programming pioneer Grace Hopper decided it was time to push programming further. She had previously worked on Flow-Matic, thought by many to be the first English-language-based programming language. By 1958, Flow-Matic was in general use, but Hopper felt that there was a need for an even more accessible method of programming.

“When I started, I just went ahead with the idea,” said Hopper at the 25th anniversary of COBOL celebration in 1985. “I have later learned that it is much easier to apologize than to get permission.

"In the case of Flow-Matic, we discovered that a lot of people hated symbols, even though the mathematicians and engineers loved them. These people used words. We proposed that we should write programs in English statements, providing a compiler that would translate to machine code. I was told that this couldn't happen because computers don't understand words. I said that they didn't have to; they just had to compare bit patterns. 'Add' has just as many bit patterns as a plus sign does. But I was getting nowhere. So we acted on the motto: 'Just go ahead and do it.' The lesson that we learned from COBOL is that you must go ahead and do it and make it work, and then get out and sell it.”

Thus Hopper laid out the first specification for the language that would come to be known as the Common Business-Oriented Language. Over the next 30 years, COBOL would be the workhorse of choice for financial institutions, military operations and anyone who ran a mainframe, cementing its long life.


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Comments

05/30/2009 04:28:11 PM EST

I worked at the USMC Computer Sciences School at Quantico VA and CAPT Hopper would drop by for us to take her to lunch at one of the nearby town restaurants, as she enjoyed talking shop with the school's instructional staff. Later, I worked at the Pentagon and enjoyed frequent informal lunch-time gatherings when her presence would attract a number of junior officers for informal discussions. Your article failed to mention that one paramount piece of COBOL of keen interest to the business community that has been a trademark of COBOL all its life, namely its handling of decimal currency that is so dear to financial industry. Its rules for rounding of currency transactions led eventually to the daily compounding of interest in savings accounts used now universally, once the banks found that a penny here and there added up over time to real money. Until newer languages have the same rigid decimal currency handling rules as part of the language standard, COBOL will continue to be preferred. The risk of using other languages is too high. Your statement that new COBOL project are extinct is not exactly true, as new systems are being delivered all the time that interface with existing systems. The language is kept current by standards organization and now has object-oriented ability to use objects. Most corporations using COBOL understand, finally, that their investment over 4 or 5 decades is too large to change all at once, and they are approaching modernization in small steps.

United StatesBruce E Hogman


05/31/2009 09:07:51 AM EST

Yay for COBOL, I learnt it years ago and loved it bcoz it was so easy to understand.. I still dabble in it as a hobby but not as much as I would like too, and with the lack of COBOL tutors, i see many COBOL programming put on hold.. Hopefully many more communities will run classes and teach COBOL.

Australiawayne


06/01/2009 02:55:46 PM EST

I remember the first database report generator I every saw. I had been coding COBOL reports for a few years and it seemed like a useful COBOL report program was at least 3 to 5 pages, often 20 or more. The report generator could build a report in just minutes and it was only 6 or 8 lines. I was just blown away. BUT, when I got into a detailed report I would sometimes find that the generator wouldn't QUITE get the format of a variable or a summary the way I wanted it, and I remember thinking, "I could do this in in a couple of lines of code and the reporting format in COBOL!". I could often get the generator program to create what I wanted by using some temporary variables, but that often "cost" about 20 lines of "stuff" and several hours of trial and error. Every so often, though, I just could not figure out how to do what I wanted and usually wished I had just taken the time to create a COBOL report program in the first place. Like any language or developement environment, COBOL had strong points and weak points. The versions I used did not seem to be particularly well suited to an interactive environment since they often did not have very robust exception handling, But I really prefered to do maintenance on COBOL programs than any other, just because the programs were often very straight forward.

United StatesDavid Hammerquist


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